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特色產品基礎知識背景 — 什么是小G蛋白?
小G蛋白(Small G Protein)因分子量只有20—30KD而得名,同時具有GTP酶活性,小G蛋白家族成員在細胞信號通路中發揮分子開關的功能,參與調控很多生物學過程。小G蛋白的共同特點是,當結合了GTP時即成為活化形式,這時可作用于下游分子使之活化,而當GTP水解成為GDP時(自身為GTP酶)則恢復到非活化狀態。這一點與G蛋白里的Gα類似,但是小G蛋白的分子量明顯低于Gα。
在細胞中存在著一些專門控制小G蛋白活性的小G蛋白調節因子,有的可以增強小G蛋白的活性,如鳥苷酸交換因子(guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF)和鳥苷酸解離抑制因子(Guanine nucleotide dissociation Inhibitor, GDI),有的可以降低小G蛋白活性,如GTP酶活化蛋白(GTPase activating protein, GAP)。

第一個被發現的小G蛋白是Ras,它是Ras基因的產物。小G蛋白的Ras超家族由超過150個成員組成,基于它們的序列同源性,被分成若干亞家族,例如Rho,Ras,Ran,Rab,Arf和Rad / Rem / Gem / Kir。
小G蛋白超家族成員及其相關功能:
| 亞家族 | 功能 | 成員 |
| Ras | 細胞增殖 | DIRAS1; DIRAS2; DIRAS3; ERAS; GEM; HRAS; KRAS; MRAS; NKIRAS1; NKIRAS2; NRAS; RALA; RALB; RAP1A; RAP1B; RAP2A; RAP2B; RAP2C; RASD1; RASD2; RASL10A; RASL10B; RASL11A; RASL11B; RASL12; REM1; REM2; RERG; RERGL; RRAD; RRAS; RRAS2 |
| Rho | 細胞骨架的動力與形態 | RHOA; RHOB; RHOBTB1; RHOBTB2; RHOBTB3; RHOC; RHOD; RHOF; RHOG; RHOH; RHOJ; RHOQ; RHOU; RHOV; RND1; RND2; RND3; RAC1; RAC2; RAC3; CDC42 |
| Rab | 膜轉運 | RAB1A; RAB1B; RAB2; RAB3A; RAB3B; RAB3C; RAB3D; RAB4A; RAB4B; RAB5A; RAB5B; RAB5C; RAB6A; RAB6B; RAB6C; RAB7A; RAB7B; RAB7L1; RAB8A; RAB8B; RAB9; RAB9B; RABL2A; RABL2B; RABL4; RAB10; RAB11A; RAB11B; RAB12; RAB13; RAB14; RAB15;RAB17; RAB18; RAB19; RAB20; RAB21; RAB22A; RAB23; RAB24; RAB25; RAB26; RAB27A; RAB27B; RAB28; RAB2B; RAB30; RAB31; RAB32; RAB33A; RAB33B; RAB34; RAB35; RAB36; RAB37; RAB38; RAB39; RAB39B; RAB40A; RAB40AL;RAB40B; RAB40C; RAB41;RAB42; RAB43 |
| Rap | 細胞粘附 | RAP1A; RAP1B; RAP2A; RAP2B; RAP2C |
| Arf | 囊泡轉運 | ARF1; ARF3; ARF4; ARF5; ARF6; ARL1; ARL2; ARL3; ARL4; ARL5; ARL5C; ARL6; ARL7; ARL8; ARL9; ARL10A; ARL10B; ARL10C; ARL11; ARL13A; ARL13B; ARL14; ARL15; ARL16; ARL17; TRIM23, ARL4D; ARFRP1; ARL13B |
| Ran | 核運輸 | RAN |
| Rheb | mTOR途徑 | RHEB; RHEBL1 |
| RGK | RRAD; GEM; REM; REM2 | |
| Rit | RIT1; RIT2 | |
| Miro | 線粒體轉運 | RHOT1; RHOT2 |
Ras蛋白主要參與細胞增殖和信號轉導;Rho蛋白對細胞骨架網絡的構成發揮調節作用;Rab蛋白則參與調控細胞內膜交通(membrane traffic),其他家族成員也在細胞信號通路中發揮著非常重要的作用。
因此,研究GTP酶(GTPase)的活化調控機制具有廣泛而深遠的生物學意義。
傳統檢測Rho 蛋白活化水平的方法主要為pull-down檢測。pull-down法往往存在耗時長、需要樣本量大、不太適合高通量檢測等缺點。為克服傳統方法這些方面的缺點,Cytoskeleton公司開發了新一代的G-LISA™檢測方法,用于快速簡便地檢測GTP酶活化水平。
G-LISA實驗原理及操作步驟

1.首先將效應蛋白的受體結合域(RBD)包被96孔板;
2.樣本中GTP(活化狀態)結合形式的蛋白分子則可結合到板上,而GDP(無活性狀態)結合形式蛋白則不結合;
3.洗去未結合的蛋白;
4.然后依次加入特異性的一抗和HRP-二抗進行孵育結合;
5.最后利用合適的酶底物OPD或化學發光試劑顯色。
Swiss 3T3 細胞中,Activators活化的Rho蛋白(左)和Rac蛋白(右)
傳統Pull down法和G-LISA法的比較
| 傳統Pull down法 | G-LISA | |
| 原理 | 用包被效應蛋白的親和磁珠選擇性的結合有活性的GTPase,用western blot檢測信號 | 用包被效應蛋白的96孔板選擇性的結合有活性的GTPase 用ELISA檢測信號 |
| 實驗設備 | SDS-PAGE、Western blot相關儀器 | ELISA相關儀器 |
| 上樣量 | 300 - 2000 µg per assay | 5 - 50 µg per assay |
| 樣品數量 | Up to 10 samples | Up to 96 samples (or more) |
| 結果定量 | WB具有很窄的線性范圍。此外,樣品的多次操作也會導致某種程度上的變異分析。 | 提供精確定量的數字讀數 |
| 反應時間 | 10-12h | <3h |
| 對比視頻網址 | https://www.cytoskeleton.com/activationassayvideo | |
G-LISA法對比傳統的pull down,主要有操作簡便、上樣量少、可同時檢測多個樣本、反應時間短、定量結果準確、與小鼠、大鼠和人的組織和細胞兼容等優勢。
小G蛋白活化檢測試劑盒Pull-down實驗結果展示:

Lanes 4 & 5:10 ng/ ml of EGF, 2min
Lanes 2 & 3: Persistent serum starvation
Lanes 1: 20 ng of recombinant Rac1-His protein run as a western blot standard
小G蛋白活化檢測試劑盒G-LISA實驗結果展示:

分別用CN01(藍色Activators)和LPA(紅色)處理后RhoA的活化進程
已發表精彩文章賞析:
(1)M.L. Schultz et al. 2014. CLN3 deficient cells display defects in the Arf1-Cdc42 pathway and actin-dependent events. PLoS ONE. 9: e96647. (Cat. # BK132)
Figure 7. The impact of ARHGAP21 overexpression on endocytosis.
(A) Cln3−/− and Cln3R MBECs were transfected with GFP, WT-Cdc42, dominant negative Cdc42 (DN-Cdc42), or ARHGAP21 expressing plasmids and Cdc42-GTP levels measured. (B) MBECs were transfected with GFP negative control, WT-Cdc42, or ARHGAP21(GAP21) constructs and rhodamine-conjugated dextran uptake was assessed as in Fig. 2. Results represent the mean of three independent experiments.

Figure8. ARF1-GTP is reduced in CLN3-null MBECs.
(A) ARF1-GTP levels were quantified in Cln3R and Cln3−/− MBEC lysates. (B) Total ARF1 protein levels were quantified in Cln3R and Cln3−/− MBEC lysates by western blot, expressed as band intensity normalized to the actin loading control. Data represent the mean of (A) five and (B) three independent experiments.
(2)M.J. Herr et al., 2014. Tetraspanin CD9 regulates cell contraction and actin arrangement via RhoA in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS ONE. 9:e106999. (Cat. # BK124)

Figure 4. Activation of RhoA restores the contractile capabilities of CD9 shRNA HAOSMC and partially restores actin arrangement.
A and B, GTP-bound (active) and total RhoA was quantitated using whole cell lysates of Ctr shRNA HAOSMC or CD9 shRNA HAOSMC treated with the RhoA activator CN03 (2.0 µg/ml) for two h (n = 3; NS = not significant; **P<0.01). C and D, CD9 shRNA cells were treated with CN03 (2.0 µg/ml) for two h prior to releasing the sides of a collagen gel contraction assay. A representative image of a collagen gel contraction taken at 6 h and quantification of collagen gel contraction from 0-6h is shown (n = 3/time point). E, A representative immunofluorescent stained image of f-actin arrangement from three independently repeated experiments in untreated Ctr shRNA and CD9 shRNA treated with 2.0 µg/ml of CN03 for two h (scale bar, 50 µm). F, Actin filament length was quantified using ImageJ analysis software (n = 15 cells; *P<0.05).
Cytoskeleton提供的小G蛋白活化檢測試劑盒:
|
G-LISA® Format Bundle RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 G-LISA Assay (BK135) Arf1G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK132) Arf6 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK133) RhoA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK124) RhoA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK121) Rac1,2,3 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK125) Rac1 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK128) Rac1 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK126) Cdc42 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK127) RalA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK129) Ras G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK131) |
Pull-down Format Combo RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 Pull-down Assay (BK030) Arf1 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK032-S) Arf6 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK033-S) Cdc42 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK034) Rac1 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK035) RalA Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK040) Ras Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK008) RhoA Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK036) |
Cytoskeleton公司成立于1993年,專注于生物化學和細胞過程研究中的純化蛋白和便捷試劑盒開發與生產。公司提供藥物篩選、信號轉導、蛋白質轉錄后修飾(PTM)、細胞骨架研究相關的系列試劑盒和產品,尤其以細胞骨架相關研究見長,既能滿足于樣品較少的科學研究,也可以用于小規模篩選研究和高通量大規模篩選研究。目前主要的產品有340余種,其產品主要覆蓋肌動蛋白,微管蛋白,馬達蛋白,小G蛋白,細胞外基質,活細胞成像等相關領域,提供對應的蛋白質,抗體,檢測與分析試劑盒,并且產品線還在不斷的擴大中。此外,公司還提供微管蛋白,肌動蛋白,小G蛋白,GAPs,GEFs等現有產品的藥物篩選服務。
作為Cytoskeleton在中國的區域總代理,艾美捷科技有限公司將為中國客戶提供最全面的Cytoskeleton產品以及訂制服務。


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